Theories of Intelligence and Individual Differences
Theories of Intelligence
Information Processing Theory
Speed of Information processing ○
Flexibility of strategies ○
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Spearman
General intelligence
Responsible for performance on all mental tests §
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Specific Intelligence
Good at one specific thing.. Really good at math §
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Cattell
Fluid intelligence
Refers to the ability to perceive relations among stimuli §
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Crystalized Intelligence
Examples, compromises a persons culturally influenced accumulated
knowledge and skills, including understanding printed language,
comprehending language, and knowing vocabulary
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Linguistic
meaning of words and using it effectively §
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Logical
Mathematical §
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Spatial
Perceiving objects §
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Musical ○
Bodily
Using ones body in highly differentiated ways §
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Interpersonal
Identifying different feelings in others §
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Intrapersonal
Understanding ones emotions §
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Naturalistic
Natural worlds, natural phenomena , understanding of living things
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Existential
Considering "ultimate" issues, purpose of life and death §
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Sterberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence
Analytic Ability
Involves analyzing problems and generating different solutions §
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Creative Ability
Involves dealing adaptively with novel situations and problems §
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Practical Ability
Knowing what solution or plan will actually work §
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Carol's Theory
Hierarchical theory is, in essence, a compromise between the two views of
intelligence- general versus distinct abilities
Fluid Intelligence §
Crystallized Intelligence §
General Memory and Learning §
Broad Visual Perception §
Broad Auditory Perception §
Broad Retrieval Ability §
Broad Cognitive Speediness §
Processing Speed §
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Creative Thinking
Divergent Thinking •
Fluency •
Flexibility •
Originality •
Elaboration •
Measuring Intelligence
Simone-Binet Scale
Their approach was to select tasks that French children of different ages
ought to be able to do so
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Introduced the concept of mental age ○
"bright" "dull"○
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Terman and the development of IQ
American population ○
1916 ○
Clarify the issue of what the test results meant about intellectual ability,
Ternam described performance as an Intelligence Quotient, which was
simply the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100
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IQ = MA/CA x 100 ○
Latest version was revised in 2003 ○
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Wechsler Pre School and primary Scale of Intelligence •
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Used frequently with 6-16 years old ○
Includes subtests for both verbal and performance skills ○
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Flynn Effect •
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
5 scales
Cognitive §
Language §
Motor §
Social emotional §
Adaptive behaviour §
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Dynamic Testing
Measures child's learning potential by having the child learn
something new in the presence of the examiner and with the
examiners help
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Designed for 1-42 months old §
Not until 18-24 months do infant IQ scores predict later IQ scores §
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Intelligence, Heredity...
