CELLS:
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE
Structure- a bilipid membranous layer composed of proteins and carbohydrates. It is fluid like.
Function - the cell membrane separates the cell from its external environment, and is selectively permeable (controls what gets in and out). It protects the cell and provides stability.
Proteins are found embedded within the plasma membrane, with some extending all the way through in order to transport materials.
Carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on the outer lipid layer.
2. CYTOPLASM
Structure - The jelly-like substance composed of mainly water and found between the cell membrane and nucleus. The cytoplasm makes up most of the "body" of a cell and is constantly streaming.
Function - Organelles are found here and substances like salts may be dissolved in the cytoplasm.
3. NUCLEUS
Structure - The largest organelle in the cell. It is dark and round, and is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope/membrane. In spots the nuclear envelope fuses to form pores which are selectively permeable. The nucleus contains genetic information (DNA) on special strands called chromosomes.
Function - The nucleus is the "control centre" of the cell, for cell metabolism and reproduction.
THE FOLLOWING ORGANELLES ARE FOUND IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS.
1. "ER" OR ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. They carry materials throughout the cell. The ER is the "transport system" of the cell.
There are two types of ER: rough ER and smooth ER.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is lined with ribosomes and is rough in appearance and smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains no ribosomes and is smooth in appearance.
2. RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are small particles which are found individually in the cytoplasm and line the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes produce protein. They could be thought of as "factories” in the cell.
3. GOLGI BODY / APPARATUS
Golgi bodies are stacks of flattened membranous stacks (they look like pancakes!). The Golgi Body temporarily stores protein which can then leave the cell via vesicles pinching off from the Golgi.
4. LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes are small sac-like structures surrounded by a single membrane and containing strong digestive enzymes which when released can break down worn out organelles or food. The lysosome is also known as a suicide sac.
5. MITOCHONDRIA
The mitochondria are round "tube-like" organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane, with the inner membrane being highly folded. the mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. the mitochondria releases food energy from food molecules to be used by the cell. This process is called respiration. Some cells (muscle cells) require more energy than other cells and so would have many more mitochondria.
6. VACUOLES
Vacuoles are fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane. They can store materials such as food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products.
ANIMAL CELLS ORGANELLES NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS:
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
Both cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles which extend from the surface of many animal cells. the structure is identical in both, except that flagella are longer and whiplike and cilia are shorter. There are usually only a few flagella on a cell, while cilia may cover the entire surface of a cell. The function of cilia and flagella ionclude locomotion for one-celled organisms and to move substances over cell surfaces in multi-celled organisms.
ORGANELLES AND OTHER FEATURES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS:
1. CELL WALL
The cell wall is a rigid organelle composed of cellulose and lying just outside the cell membrane. The cell wall gives the plant cell it's box-like shape. it also protects the cell. The cell wall contains pores which allow materials to pass to and from the cell membrane.
2. PLASTIDS
Plastids are double membrane bound organelles. It is in plastids that plants make and store food. Plastids are found in the cytoplasm and there are two main types:
Leucoplasts - colourless organelles which store starch or other plant nutrients. (example - starch stored in a potato)
Chloroplasts - contain different coloured pigments. The most important type of chloroplast is the chloroplast, which contains the green pigment chlorophyll. This is important in the process of photosynthesis.
3. CENTRAL VACUOLE
The central vacuole is a large fluid-filled vacuole found in plants.
The difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotes do not have a membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles which compartmentalize many functions.
GENETICS:
Genotype versus phenotype. An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics — which are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment. ... For example, differences in the genotypes can produce different phenotypes.
The human body has 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
X & Y chromosomes represent male and female.
An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
Dominant traits are the big letters and recessive traits are the small letters
Karyotyping is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
EVOLUTION:
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is credited with the theory of evolution.
Earth has existed for 4.543 billion years
First appearance of a living organism was 4 billion years ago.
Main causes of species extinction over the last 100 years?
· Habitat Fragmentation
· Agriculture
· Human over population
· Deforestation
· Poaching and hunting
