a. -A protein is a polymer of amino acids-Amino acids form a particular sequence-R group varies between amino acids and determined type of amino acid-Primary structure of a protein is it's unique sequence and number of amino acids-Determined by genetics-Determines other structures peptide bonds-Secondary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape including the various folding and coilings of the polypeptide chain-Result of hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone-Folding produces a spiral Alpha Helix associated with globular proteins-Folding may produce a beta-pleated sheet associated with fibrous proteins-Tertiary structure of a protein consists of irregular contortions from bonding between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids-Determined by hydrogen bonding between R groups of amino acids-Determined by hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar side chains-Determined by disulfide bonds between sulfur atoms on the amino acids with sulfhydryl groups on their side chains-Determined by weak van der Waals interactions-Quaternary Structure is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains into one macromolecule-Some molecules important to organism's that are proteins are: keratin, collagen, silk, hemoglobin, and enzymes-Structural formula of protein:b. Types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharide-Monosaccharides-Simplest kind of carbohydrate-Consists of a single sugar molecule like fructose or glucose-Can be a ketone sugar or an aldehyde sugar depending on the location of the carbonyl group-Glucose, fructose-Major fuel source for cellular respiration-Their carbon skeletons serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules like amino acids and fatty acids-Disaccharides-Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond formed betw...
