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Sridharan and Kanet production planning and control include four major activities aggregate capacity planning, materials planning, production activity planning and production activity control. Therefore it is a function of the organization that is critical to its success. Consequently, companies have found ways to improve its production planning and control systems by utilizing the technology that is available today. Some of the popular systems that technology has spurred on include material requirement planning systems (MRP), materials resource planning systems (MRPII) Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP) and customer resource planning systems (CRP) among many others.Firstly, information
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which depends on its capabilities and potential. It is essential for me, the HR manager to have the ability to identify and plan for desired level of competencies. In addition to that, the skill is needed to design appropriate expatriate compensation programs. My firm’s mission and strategy determines its organizational structure, the level of centralization or decentralization and the recruitment strategy of the firm.
The various global human resource activities include normal HR activities like human resource planning, performance management, compensation management, training etc. The HR activities which are specific to global human resource management include expatriate assignment
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should be able to identify the key decisions and ensure the
reliability of decision making. And this decision making relies on the right leadership. And the
right leader foresees the contingency plan for the guidelines provided, in case the governance
results in a risk.
It is always recommended to review the governance plan prior to implementation, be it in any
field (Healthcare, IT, Education etc.).
Reference:
Lindros, K. (2017, July 31). What is IT governance? A formal way to align IT & business strategy.
Retrieved from https://www.cio.com/article/2438931/governance/governanceit-governance-definition-
and-solutions.html
IT Governance. (2016, February 24). Retrieved from https://www.mitre.org/publications/systems-
engineering-guide/enterprise-engineering/enterprise-planning-and-management/it-governance
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Case Study Report
IMS100 INformation management Systems
Assessment 3
Student Name:
Introduction
ABC Timber and Hardware are a small chain of hardware stores operating out of 12 branches across the state. The current Information Management System (IMS) requires expert personnel to extract relevant information from the accounting system and therefore requires a longer period of time to progress down the supply chain. As a result, sales representatives are being presented with untimely and ineffective information. To resolve this problem a complete system overhaul is in place to replace the old information system with a completely new Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Thus, providing
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. 145-166Lengnick-Hall, C. A. and Lengnick-Hall, M. L. 1988, 'Strategic Human Resource Management: A Review of The Literature And A Proposed Typology', Academy of Management Review, Vol.13, No. 3, pp 454-470Niebus, R. 2002, 'Do HR Systems Affect the Bottom-line? We have the Answer', Human Resource Planning, pp 61-63Pawan, S. B and Debrah, Y. 2001, Rethinking comparative and cross-national human resource management research, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp 497 - 515Rennie, W. H. 2003, 'The Role of Human Resource Management and The Human Resource Professional In The New Economy', August, pp1-100Teo, T. T. and Rodwell, J. J. 2007, 'To Be Strategic In The
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Keeping updates about advances in technology
Reading of news articles
Solving old problems with new creative ideas
7
Global mindset
Knowledge about the fast-changing environment
International Finance
Spotting new trends in markets
8
Self-Management
Self Development
(Pedler, Burgoyne & Boydell 2007)
Time Management
Goal Setting
Planning and Scheduling
Self Motivation
Self Discipline
Self Awareness
9
Workplace related life-skills
Accounting and Cheque issuing
Internal Network Communi- cation
JD Edwards Enterprise- One applications
(Oracle 2008)
Lotus Notes business email software
(ibm 2008)
Accounting using JDE system
Setting of Lotus Notes accounts and
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Article CritiqueInnovations in technology and management practices have produced a distinct paradigm shift since 1970. Even though companies are now focusing on customer satisfaction as a competitive weapon, the cornerstone of competition is still cost-minimization and affordability. With the invention of Internet, companies and manufacturing firms have been given the opportunity to effectively improve their supply chain management system.The article "New challenges in managing supply chain" by Derek Maggs explores the definition of supply chain management (SCM) and then focuses on the relations among SCM systems, enterprise resource planning (ERP), and information technology (IT).The
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collaboration between the locations. After each area has completed their portion of the accounting records, they send the completed information to the corporate office to be consolidation into one report.In addition, the methods used to send reports to corporate include data files and hard copies of reports that must be rescanned into the corporate system. Other issues with the system include outdated hardware used to store accounting information and locations using software from a vendor that is no longer in service.Improvements to this business system can be made by implementing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that is designed for manufacturing companies like Riordan. The
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company
· Workers compensation
· Employee benefits
· Human resource consulting
· Human resource regulatory compliance
· Human Resource Training
1.2.3 Reason why this mechanism is effective or ineffective
· The mechanism for Hampton In hotel is effective and below are the reasons
1. Aligning business and HR needs
· Before introducing the 100% satisfaction guarantee policy, the guest were dissatisfied with their service which resulted into loss of business reputation. The hotel decided to take on advantage of this informal communication and introduce the new company policy which will attract more guest and provide them with good service delivery to avoid competition
2. Organisational performance
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undertakings and
accordingly take a final call to proceed with the project. In an instance of implementing
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to projects, milestones, deliverables and execution are
important and should be prioritise. Such Information system would create a foundation to
regulate more complicated operations and process systems within the company to develop tools
like Customer Relation Management system and ERP’s for future enterprises.
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, including:
· Planning & Organization
· Delivering and Support
· Acquiring & Implementation
· Monitoring & Evaluating
All of this is further understood under 34 processes as per specific line of responsibilities. COBIT has a high position in business frameworks and has been recognized under various international standards including ITIL, CMMI, COSO, PRINCE2, TOGAF, PMBOK, TOGAF, and ISO 27000. COBIT basically acts as a guideline integrator—merging all solutions under one umbrella.
The latest COBIT version 5 came out in April 2012 and consolidates the principles of COBIT 4.1, Risk IT Frameworks, and Val IT 2.0. This version draws reference form IT Assurance Framework (ITAF) from ISACA and the
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)
· Business Process Level E-Business Models - Customer relationship management, Knowledge management, Supply chain management, network building, Database promoting, Enterprise resource planning, and Mass customization. One example is American Airlines Web site that allows customer access to frequent flyer and other account information.
· Enterprise Level E-Business Models – At the enterprise level of the pyramid, the company automates many business processes in a unifies system – demonstrating a significant commitment to e-business. Firms relying heavily on these models (Such as Dell, Google, and Facebook) believes that their future will depend on e-business activities.
· Pure Plays
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; Organization Development Journal, 15/2, 24-28.Mobrman, S. (2007). Designing organizations for growth: the human resource contribution. Human Resource Planning, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p34-45.Ogbonna, E. & Harris, L.C. (2003). Innovative organizational structures and performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management,. 16/5, 512-533.Punnoose, E. M. (2007). Organization structure and inter-organizational dependency: The environmental imperative. The Icfai Journal of Business Strategy, 4/4, 22-30.Robbins, S. and Judge, T., Organizational Behavior, (Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2007).Sehanovic, J., & Zugaj, M. (1997). Information technologies and organizationalstructure
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with MS Access is the size limitations that can become problematic over time. Larger, more complex applications, such as our analytical chromatography system or our Enterprise Resource Planning system utilize Oracle or SQL as their database engine.An example of an MS Access application in use at our facility is our asset performance management software, Datastream7i. Datastream7i helps our company incorporate Asset Performance Management into every aspect of our operation and manage assets with unprecedented efficiency. We utilize Datastream7i to do the following tasks:* Work management* Materials management* Preventive maintenance* Asset management services* Budgeting* Equipment management
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throughout the semester. Please note that this list is not comprehensive and students’ might find other concepts, related to ITM 211, that they need to address in their project.
List of the major potential concepts to include:
· Data, Information, Knowledge
· Decision Support DSS
· Networking
· Databases
· Artificial Intelligence
· Network Security
· Porter Strategies
· Electronic Commerce
· OLAP vs. OLTP
· Porter’s five forces model
· Porter’s three strategies
· Systems Development
· Methodology chosen and why
· MIS software(s) (General Ledger, Accounting, Payroll…etc)
· Customer Relationship Management
· Marketing MIX
· Hardware and Software
· Datawarehouse
· Data mining
· Enterprise Resource
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Why should ERP architecture include a discussion on organizational structure, business processes, and people, instead of just information technology and systems.
“ERP is a set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire organization” (Stair, p. 245). For a successful Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation key components not only include information technology and system but also include organizational structure, business processes, and people. While discussing the realm of implementing an ERP system the project manager should never view this as just an IT project. The implementation is much more than IT it is a business project with
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area that will be discussed; internal
and external that will lead the successful rate in a company. All the factors will be
discussed on how it will be affecting the competitive business operations with
real case studies and examples.
Keywords: operational management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain
management, competitive operations management factors, total quality
management, operations strategy
Nurizzah binti Roslan - May 2019 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my Lecturer Mr JK
Chan, School of Business and Management, Trinity International College,
Singapore, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. Your advice on both
research
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that even though the individual departments are happy to stay with their own stand-alone IT systems that serve their own individual needs well, ACME Technology must transition to an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system where one IT solution for the company, purchased from Intergalactic Software Solutions, will be implemented company wide.
Knowing that they can't afford a massive drop in productivity during this period of growth, as a result of the expert training that you received in Professor Pamela's OD class they have hired you as a change expert to design and implement a change management initiative to enable the success of this critical initiative at ACME Technology
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. inefficiency of Meditech supply chain and production planning.
3. Poor service quality because of production capacity strain
4. The introduction of new improved product experiences in constant shortage.
5. There is also problem with high finished goods inventory level (almost 40% above desired level.)
Problem Statement
Meditech is now facing increasing customer dissatisfaction and providing the poor service for their customers. The main problem is that the long lead-time of delivering and shortage of product which cannot meet customer demand.
Root causes and Analysis
Inefficiency supply chain management of product innovation
Meditech introducing new improved products continuously. It has shortened
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industry was around 1 million.
The products of automobile industry's are: light and heavy trucks, and sport utility vehicles. Using various casting, stamping, molding, welding, painting, and forum processes produces these. Each of the performance has a distinctive set of environmental challenges.
Drivers of Environmental Performance Improvements:
Regulation is the major force of environmental change in the industry. Federal regulations that have effect on automobile manufacturing are the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), and the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
Environmental
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between transaction costs and production costs is that the former can be varied by a change in the mode of resource allocation, while the latter depend only on the technology and tastes, and would be the same in all economic systems." It has been estimated that at least 45 percent of gross national product in a developed society is generated by transaction costs (Ghertman, 1998).2.3 Distinctions in factors determinedProduction cost result from both specificity and economies of scale, while transaction cost arise from asset specificity, uncertainty and so on. Next part will discuss them in detail. Production cost determines the price in market, while structure of firm is determined by
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Honda Strategic Management EssayStrategic management is the highest level of managerial activity, in general performed by the chief executive officer (CEO) and executive team of a company, used to specify objectives of the organization by developing policies and plans to achieve these objectives and reach the company's goals. Also it's a process of distributing resources of the company so as to pursue the plans.Strategic management supply overall direction to the entire enterprise. An organization's strategy should be suitable for its resources, situations, and objectives. The process takes in consideration to join the companies' strategic advantages to the business environment the
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first is a green-field investment, which involves the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country. The second involves acquiring or merging with an existing firm in the foreign country. On the other hand, FDI is divided into two kinds; horizontal FDI (market-expansion investments) which is investment in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home; And vertical FDI (resource-seeking investments), which comprises two forms further; the first is backward vertical FDI investing an industry abroad that provides inputs for a firm's domestic production process. The second is forward vertical FDI in which an industry abroad sells the foods of a firm's domestic production
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.Traditional approach - This was the first approach on study of employee motivation and was done by Frederick Taylor. His work was based on the idea that employees were primarily motivated by monetary incentives. Although his ideas are not widely accepted today, still there are schemes that adopt incentive pay systems.Human relations approach - According to this approach non monetary rewards such as social relations in a workforce could be a powerful motivating factor. Research begun with the landmark Hawthorne studies conducted at a General Electric plant in the USA by Elton Mayo.Human resource approach - This approach carries forward the first two approaches and further introduce the concept
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by the 'government and freedom of individual enterprise and in which the basic economic questions are answered in the market place'. (Hill, C, 2005, p49) The difference of economical systems in each country is the degree to which government and privatisation control business.'The policital, economic, and legal systems of a country can have a profound impact on the level of economic development and hence on the attractiveness of a country as a possible market and/or production location firm'. (Hill, C, 2005, p44) An Australian MNC will more than likely set up subsidiaries in country's that is not as economically developed as its own. There are downsides but the attractiveness of the
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party
7
Test scenarios where ship-to party ≠ sold-to party
Exception - special logic or exceptions (e.g. report shold exclude certain specific condition)
5
6
Error Handling - functionality in case of errors (e.g. Error Message or Error Log )
7
8
Appendix
Acronym Table
Acronym
Full Name
ZIDS
Zoetis Interface Design Specification
ASN
Advanced Shipping Notification
M2D
Make to Deliver
PDD
Process Definition Document
RS
Requirement Specification
LO
Logistics Operations
BT
Business Technology
ECC
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Central Component
O2C
Order to Cash
M/W
Middleware
PGI
Post Goods Issue
STO
Stock Transport Order
SFTP
Secure File Transfer Protocol
18
ZIDS0070_GAP0069_M2D_Outbound ASN to Customers_v0.3 Page 26 / 26
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issues which concern cave resource use and protection, fostering a co-operative Waitomo community economically, socially and culturally, having fun and helping others to have fun and obviously making a profit." (Black Water Rating Ltd- 1999, University of Manitoba)According to Johnson & Scholes (1999) in the mission should be a statement of the key values of the organisation and BWR has these core values:Non-negotiable safety of clients and guides, conservation and sustainable management of resources, superior personal and professional service to clients, development of unique and innovative products and an enjoyable, challenging and rewarding employment environment. A business culture
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reduce the time to value for all procurement activities; maintain an efficient low cost end-to-end supply chain; drive value and leverage across all procurement and travel logistics opportunitiesHuman resource managementThe Company has a clear and transparent recruitment and selection which allows it to recruit the best personnel. La Senza has been searching for its identity over the past few years and in turn many great practices have been developed to improve employee satisfaction. Incentives are offered often to performance driven associates and management. Overall the company is rewarding although the standard for performance and customer experience is a lot higher than the industry
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IQRA University (IU) Efficient Markets
Abstracts"What looks like a small project turns into a big project. What looks like a big project turns into a small project. So I don't think there's been a lot of planning involved. At least in my case, there hasn't been." [Eugene Fama for his work on Efficient Market Hypothesis]The purpose of this report is to study and analyze that how effective "Efficient Market Hypothesis" can be implemented in capital markets.This report describes the basic concept of market efficiency and efficient market hypothesis and their implications.Other parts of report include the, forms of EMH along with their limitation including concept of risk, arbitrage and time
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environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational hygiene, public health, safety engineering, environmental health, industrial relations, public policy, sociology, and occupational health psychology.In Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of Human Resource is responsible to ensure that the safety, health and welfare of workers in both the public and private sector is upheld. DOSH is responsible to enforce the Factory and Machinery Act 1969, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.A study indicates that in Malaysia, for every 1,000 workers, the rate of accidents is 10 cases compared to
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Planning and organizing in respect to Wells Fargo is essential to the success of the company. The vision of Wells Fargo Bank is to move to the next stage going from "good to great," (wellsfargo.com). The organization has constantly reinvented itself through the years by creating new departments, products, services and new positions. The changes that have been made to the organization have been instrumental in the success of the company. Planning is a function that is often utilized within our organization.Within the mortgage wholesale division of Wells Fargo, we tend to have an operational disadvantage when it comes to our loan process. Our company realizes that business would not exist
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China Everbright Group is discussed and several advantages and disadvantages will be explained.2.2: Problem definition and the followed procedureTwo interesting problems, arising from the Sunlife Financial case, can be derived:- Whether it is the right time for Sun Life Financial to enter the Chinese market.- The best entering strategyBefore discussing these two problems, we first of all look at Sun Life Financial from two strategic managerial viewpoints, a resource-based and a competence based viewpoint. Furthermore the Strategic logic, with the different elements, will be discussed look to get a better understanding of Sun Life Financial's structure. To investigate whether it is the right
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In order to answer this question we must firstly look at what is done at the birth of the child. If they are baptised as a baby, they clearly include no opinion in the situation. If this child doesn't believe in this faith there will be obvious rise against this as they get older and realise what it means.Furthermore, a particularly social child who is busy quite a lot of the time may find it hard to go to Church when they are supposed to and make time for other things like prayer etc. These things all take time where a child could be doing other activities that they would prefer to be doing than attending church. As well as this, to a child who isn't a Christian because of their own
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V-post has the ability to substantially improve its profit margin, but it may difficult to realize that with the insight from Singpost, it can and will happen overnight. V-post is currently selling maximum range of approximately million bucks value of goods each day. As V-post faces many intense pressures to be more and more competitive and to increase profitability, a new perspective must be directed to the reduction and control of expenses. Expenses are considered to be "costs of doing business." Hence, most organizations lack the "know how, "expertise, or time to undertake an extensive profit improvement review. A few may have access to financial resources, some of which include books
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Disasters happen when multinational corporations though having enormous resources tend to look the other side when most of the people are uneducated and their governments do not care for them and their safety and laws are usually bent if not broken by the corporations for their benefit.On the night at around 1 a.m. on Monday, December 3, 1984, when most of the people were at home sleeping, a deadly toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked out from the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant in Bhopal, India. Senior factory officials who already knew about the lethal build-up in the tank before the leakage did not raise the alarm to warn the neighborhood until one hour after the leakage
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Before entering the "real" world and making decisions about careers and life, there is one major decision one is faced with. The question of which institution will best fit their needs to prepare them for life. There are several choices to choose from. From Ivy League Schools to State Schools as well as Historically Black Colleges and Universities the list goes on and on. These schools are viewed in society on a scale. Ivy League Schools are viewed at the top of the list where as Historically Black Colleges and Universities is only a place to go when you have no where else to go. However to receive admission into any type of these universities one must take the Scholastic Achievement Test or
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Throughout American history, the development of plantations (farms) in the American colonies arrived as immigrants arrived in small farms. The American people settled on the land west of the Mississippi for many diverse reasons. As the years went, by the profit and demand for crops such as tobacco grew larger. At that time, large plantation could had over 400 acres of fields growing anything from tobacco to maize and sugarcane(in the south), as the myths reveal. The farmers were also in the business of buying slaves as they were auctioned off at the ports or owned as indentured servants.Initially, many Americans were reluctant to move westward. Early explorers thought that the country beyond
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The author uses from the first person point of view. This is viewed in the first person because the author uses pronouns such as "we" and "my" in the story. To have pronouns such as "we" and "my" is the definition of first person narrators. An example of this can be seen through the following phrase:"My mother is not an inventive or convincing liar, and the excuses which occur to her are obviously second rate."We know that the narrator is homodiegtic because the narrator is one who is internal to the narrative, which is on the same plane of exegesis as the story. In the first person narrative, it brings us psychologically much closer to the central character. However, it does lose much of
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Characteristics and symptomsThe characteristics and symptoms of albinism are:- very light skin color- blondish-white colored hair- visual impairments that require glasses- tendency to sunburn easily,- hearing impairments- blood-clotting problems- red/pink eyes- Low Vision- Sensitivity to bright light and glare- involuntary eye movements- "Slowness to see" in infancy- Inability of the eyes to work togetherThese are all symptoms of albinos but an albino can have perfect health and only suffer from very light skin.CausesAlbinism is caused when a person inherits two recessive genes that cause them to not produce the normal amount of melanin. This makes their skin and hair lighter and can cause
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From the beginning of recorded history, possibly before then, humans have found a necessity for classifying and categorizing every aspect of life. This need for order has been used to efficiently organize and clarify the endless details on Earth. This arrangement of objects in groups has also created a very sinister and volatile mindset that some people live by. This associative manner of classification has lead to the formation of beliefs in race identities, stereotypes, and superiority in the form of racism. Racism is contempt for people who have physical characteristics different from your own (Nanda and Warms 1). This concept is often combined with what is called racialism. Racialism is
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intervention is that of being supportive of the patient or family member that has been victimized. The second intervention is toeducate. Let the person know they are not alone (Kimberg, 2001). Identify screen and intervene. Promote self-efficacy (Crane 2003). If there are children involved explain to the adult how the violence will adversely affect them. The third component of intervention is planning. Planning includes identifying possible resources and responses to the violent act. Resources include legal assistance, shelters, and law enforcement. Resources also include counseling services, financial aid, self defense programs. There are new resources for counseling and additional resources
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The story of spirited away begins with Chihiro, the protagonist of the story moving to a new house in a country town. Initially Chihiro is stubborn and reluctant about leaving her friends and old life behind. Later on the family runs into what seems like an abandoned theme park, but is actually an entrance to a spirit world and more specifically a bathhouse for gods.When Chihiro is helpless of the circumstances of loosing her parents and the recent transparency in her skin a boy with the name of Haku comes to comfort and rescue her. Haku informs Chihiro that the only way she can remain in the bathhouse and save her parents is to get a job and make herself useful. Chihiro following Haku's
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PROBLEMAfter reviewing the facts of the article, it appears to me that the problem at Polaris is one of poor organization and structuring of the companies resources.ALTERNATIVESThe first alternative in solving the organizational problem at Polaris is to expand the marketing research and development teams to cities outside of the Midwest, such as Burlington, VT, Portland, ME, and Manchester, NH in the Northeast and Denver, CO, Helena, MT in the Midwest, and Tempe, Arizona in the southwest and other US and foreign cities where Polaris' products may have a market.AdvantagesThis alternative organizes Polaris better in terms of marketing and researching products for the future. It will better
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The first Total War also known as the 'bloodiest' war of the century, WWI proved to have a great impact upon all of Europe. Politically, there is a clear scene of what impact the War had on the main powers in Europe: for some countries, such as France and Britain, the change in regime was merely slight, in Germany rather significant, whereas in Russia it proved drastic and sparked off two revolutions. Hence, there were several common aspects of political impacts, both direct and indirect.One of the instances of indirect political impact of WWI was the steadfastly developed idea of 'unity' behind ones government, borne by feelings of patriotism. This mainly existed at the very beginning of
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Naturally, there are three main points offered, when analyzing the role of Bethmann-Holloweg in the July Crisis. One of them, the sympathetic viewpoint, describes the German Imperial Chancellor as a victim of circumstance, rather weak, but totally guilt-free. The more critical viewpoint assigns him the characteristics of an aggressive expansionist and finally the neutral point balances out the two. It claims that Holloweg lost control, and desired no more than a limited war. Nonetheless, it is never certain how far the Chancellor was a crucial figure.To begin with, the sympathetic, and possibly very naive view is that the Chancellor did his best to avoid war and was a peace-loving statesman
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After Research, I do feel that minorities are overrepresented within the criminal justice system. For example, "a suit filed Jan. 6 in Union County, N.J., alleges that a state law denying voting rights to parolees and probationers discriminates against blacks and Hispanics due to their overrepresentation in the criminal justice system"(Penal Disenfranchisement Law Called Biased). A good deal of research has noted major disparities in the extent of involvement of minorities, particularly blacks compared to whites, in the criminal justice system. The existence of disproportionate racial representation in the criminal justice system raises questions about the fundamental fairness and equality
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The article I have selected to write about caught my attention because of the word " Phishing". Being an avid fisherman I knew this term had to be related fishing or luring. As I found out in the article the Tech term Phishing refers to scams which try to trick consumers into disclosing highly confidential -- and valuable -- information such as credit card and bank account numbers, Social Security numbers, and other identity-related data.Typically originating in mass-mailed e-mails that purport to be from a legitimate source, they entice users to spoofed sites with bogus claims that account numbers must be re-entered.The statistics are amazing in the amount of attacks. According to Vincent
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Software maintenance and change control plans are critical to the overall success of a software project. A properly executed plan will not only provide more reliable coding changes, and change implementations; it will also have beneficial financial impacts on the company. Large portions of software expenditures are related to program maintenance. Poorly tested or documented changes and coding changes implemented on an emergency basis as twice as costly as those that are well planned and tested. A plan that controls changes, tests, and implements the changes in a thorough manner will make more efficient use of all the companies' resources. To be effective a plan must be in place through the
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IntroductionWhy all the noise from senior management about improved communication? Organizations need communication, in all sorts of relationships. When organizations focus on the professional relationships, the managers wants to communicate to be able to increase his or her employees' knowledge. In this paper, I will describes and elaborate on two types of communication: lateral and vertical. Furthermore, I will also compare the two types of communication and how they relate to my organization.Vertical CommunicationVertical communication can be described as the transfer of information, in the order from highest to the lowest, in an organizational structure, (Spillan, Mino, & Rowles
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