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Muscle Disorders
Myositis
Causes
Myositis means inflammation of the muscles that you use to move your body. An injury, infection, or autoimmune disease can cause it.
Signs and Symptoms
· Muscle weakness, sometimes with muscle pain
· General tiredness and fatigue
· Trouble climbing stairs, standing from a seated position, or reaching up
· Difficulty swallowing or breathing
· Rash on knuckles, chest, face and back
· Persistent dry cough
Diagnosis
A doctor may suspect myositis based on a person’s symptoms of muscle weakness or other evidence of myositis. Tests for myositis include:
· Blood tests
· MRI scan: an MRI scan can help identify areas of myositis and changes in the muscles over time
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spinal cord. When the lower motor neurons are affected, signs are muscle twitching, muscle cramps, weakness, and muscle wasting. Other symptoms are weakness in the hands, arms, feet, and a decreased ability to breathe comfortably (Lester).Though there is no known cure for ALS, there are many treatments and different drugs being tested. About thirty years ago, modified snake venom was proposed as a treatment for ALS. Many patients were treated because the scientists involved believed that the drug worked, though there was no proof that whether the drug was actually effective. Eventually, scientists discovered that the venom was no more effective than placebo control. Creatine has a positive
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and aiding in metabolite removal after exercise and thus reducing swelling and muscle soreness (Bleakley & Davidson, 2009).
Exercise induced muscle damage commonly occurs after a strenuous eccentric exercise and consists of aching pain, stiffness, and tenderness. As well as loss of muscle strength. The symptoms involved with eccentric exercise usually start within the first 24 hours of post-exercise, and commonly peak between 24 an 72 hours and can take up to 5-7 days to subside fully (Eston & Peters, 1999). Eccentric exercise places high stress on the muscle tissue involved which is the most likely cause of muscle damage. Additional symptoms of post-exercise muscle damage are swelling
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, professional sports regulators continue to discourage Steroid use within professional leagues.Steroid use by professional athletes as adults can help increase muscle growth after a severe injury, enabling an athlete to continue to play. For instance, a profess-sional athlete might have an anterior crucaite ligament tear for which cortisone shots would help mobility of the joint, enabling the athlete to recovery with full use of the appendage. Steroids help in stabilizing or increasing muscle mass to compensate for ligament tears. Steroids such as cortisone shots should not be taken on a regular basis; however, in moderation cortisone shots can be taken safely. Adult athletes who receive
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(cant feel things anymore) in the skin and muscle weakness.Leprosy is common in many countries in the world, and in temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates. Approximately 100 cases per year are diagnosed in the U.S. Most cases are limited to the South, California, Hawaii, and U.S. island possessions. Prevention of this disease is just not to come into close physical contact with the infected person. Symptoms to diagnose this disease include the following: discoloration of your skin, decreased sensitivity in and around the infected are to heat and so on, numbness in the hands ands and feet, and muscle weakness.An early diagnosis of this disease is very important. The reason for this is
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associated with which. Physiology is the study of the functions of these
structures.
Crowther’s Tenth Martini, Chapter 1 Winter 2015
2
Anatomy and physiology – often abbreviated A&P – can be approached separately but usually
are presented together because structure and function are so closely interconnected. It is often
said that “form follows function”; in other words, the specific structure of a given molecule, cell,
organ, or organ system must suit its specific function(s).
As an example, consider the structural differences between skeletal muscle cells and cardiac
(heart) muscle cells. The job of both types of cells is to contract, so they both contain lots of the
proteins that make
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Exercise and AgingExercise is the activity that results in contraction of skeletal muscle. The term is usually used in reference to any activity that promotes physical fitness (Encarta, exercise). Aging is inevitable, but exercise can help you live a longer healthier life.The first group of people to utilize the benefits of exercise was the Greeks. Aristotle was a famous philosopher of the time, who brought this concept to the people at the time. In 1523, the Spanish explorer and conquistador Ponce de Leon went searching for the legendary Fountain of Youth. He discovered Florida. The idea of mythical youth is still very much alive in our culture because we desire to look youthful and we
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nondisjunction.
c) Common physical signs of Down Syndrome include the following:
· Decreased or poor muscle tone
· Short neck, with excess skin at the back of the neck
· Flattened facial profile and nose
· Small head, ears, and mouth
· Upward slanting eyes, often with a skin fold that comes out from the upper eyelid and covers the inner corner of the eye
· White spots on the colored part of the eye (called Brushfield spots)
· Wide, short hands with short fingers
· A single, deep, crease across the palm of the hand
· A deep groove between the first and second toes
d) Downs Syndrome is normally diagnosed in a couple ways.
Screening tests include an ultrasound or a blood test whilst you're in your
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Cardiovascular SystemStructure lies within thorax b/w lungs in the mediastinal space beating is palpable @ 5th intercostals space, approx 2 in. left of midline this pulsation (arising at the apex of the heart) is termed point of maximal impulse. Endocardium = thin, inner lining/layer Myocardium = layer of muscle Epicardium = fibrous, outer layer Heart is surrounded by the pericardiumo Inner (visceral) layer is in contact with the epicardiumo Outer (parietal) layer is connected with the mediastinum Pericardial fluid lubricates the space b/w the pericardial layers and prevents friction. Heart is divided vertically
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Free
endurance became available in the United States (Phillips 50).Creatine is used as a kind of energy source in our bodies. Although the human body produces creatine and it is found in many foods that we eat, many athletes still feel the desire for this supplement. The biggest reason for this may be that animal muscle seems to be the richest source of creatine, to get the type of results that one can get from using a supplement of creatine, a diet would have to consist of ten pounds of raw steak a day for five days (Phillips).To understand why supplementing creatine may improve strength and ability then it is important to understand the role it plays in the body. Creatine exists in two forms
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. Increased heart rate
2. Increased circulatory volume
1. Hypoalbuminemia due to dilution
3. Increased plasma lipid levels
1. Impacts transport/distribution of drugs
4. Impact on fetus
1. Non-lipophilic drugs enter fetal circulation
2. Potential for medications to enter breastmilk
4. Which medications interact with St. John’s Wort?
1. Warfarin, antidepressants, antiretrovirals, CNS depressants, analgesics, phenytoin
5. How does doxazosin work?
1. Doxazosin relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls, thereby causing vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure.
6. What is the action and effect of beta blockers?
1. They occupy beta-receptor sites and prevent catecholamines and other beta agonists
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tissues to help cure some diseases such as: diabetes, osteo and rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.Scientists are hoping to cure weak dying hearts by transplanting healthy heart muscle cells made from human pluripotent stem cells. Scientific studies worked on mice and other animals have shown positive outcomes with the healthy heart muscle cells being transplanted into the heart. The heart tissues work with the host cells and prove that muscle stem cell transplantation is possible.Individuals with diabetes contain islet cells that have become interrupted. Islet cells are the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. Normally these diabetics have to
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steroid which is considered to be the most dangerous is the Anabolic Steroid. Anabolic Steroids are a group of powerful compounds closely related to the male sex hormone. Current legitimate medical uses include: treatment of certain kinds of anemia, and buns. The most common use however, is among bodybuilders, long-distance runners, cyclists, and various other athletes who claim it gives them a competitive advantage to improve their physical appearance. The steroids are said to stimulate a build up of the body by synthesizing protein for muscle growth and tissue repair. Steroids have become a major problem with people in the sports fields. Some National Football League players estimate that
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is just that; a build up in the electron transport chain. "The body has a limited store of about 85g of ATP and would use it up very fast if we were unable to resynthesis. As we exercise pyruvate is formed. When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced. Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood. The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen. The glycogen then remains in the cells until energy is required. 65% of lactic acid is converted to carbon dioxide and water, 20% into glycogen, 10% into protein and 5% into glucose
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There is a certain place in your heart that feels the pangs of envy as a restored classic car rolls byyou. In the south, where I'm from, muscle cars and trucks dominate the roads, all in variousstages of restoration, from the sparkle of the custom paint, the gleam of the polished chrome,to the hearty rumble of the exhaust. Many years of blood, sweat, tears, and thousands of dollarsgo into a car to bring it back to the original state that it was in when it first came off theproduction line. When I bought my project truck, I didn't see a beat up, rusted pick up, instead Isaw visions of trophies, and ribbons, magazine covers, and a really nice ride. In all actuality, Iknow that my truck will
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functions.Cerebral dominance is a misnomer because one or the other cerebral hemisphere dominates each task. Cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere responsible for language, this doesn't mean it's the dominate side for all tasks.3. A plexus is an interlacing network of nerve fibers. Because of the number fo plexuses, damage to one spinal segment or root will not completely paralyze any limb muscle.4. The white rami are only found in T1-L2 spinal cord segments, gray rami are associated with every chain ganglion from the cervical spine to the sacral region. White rami are are myelinated and the gray are not. White rami carry preganglionic fibers. Grey rami have postganglionic fibers.
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the rib cage
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
Portions of the nervous system that , when simulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
The controlling organ of the body and the center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and
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, you will be kicked out of ketosis which is what we don’t want! It is very
important to choose high-fat meals with low protein. You only want about 20% of your calories
to come from protein. No more and no less. Generally speaking, protein is the most important
macro for sure. It is a macro heavily associated with muscle growth due to the amino acids it
contains. Put it this way. If you have a high protein consumption on a keto diet, it is basically
the same effect as eating too much carbs.
The greatest thing about keto is that you will not be losing any muscle due to the lower protein
you are now consuming and this is because ketones are protein sparing. This means that when
your body is in
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to play a large role in one ability to build muscle but only to a certain extent… On the other hand, the false fallacy that all these Hollywood superstars insane work ethic is the reason they’re so built is entirely false muscle gain is not linear and you will always end up at your genetic potential. Dwayne Johnson for example can often be seen in his ‘Iron paradise’ at 11pm training until 1am and waking up at 5am is CERTAINLLY not the reason he weighs 118kg lean, as we know from the introductory paragraph, sleep is the primary factor of which induces the release of HGH and aids recovery, however when you’re the rock you already intake HGH from injection and have the testosterone levels 5x
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Volume (not in formula; assumed to be constant)
- But not if your bleeding
● Radius of tube (r)
- Small changes in radius change resistance dramatically
- Immediate with autonomic nervous system
● Changing resistance changes:
- Pressure
- Flow
Arterial Blood Flow and Pressure
● Arterial blood flow:
- Amt/min coming out of LV
- Also called cardiac output (CO)
● In respiratory system:
- Amt/time = amt/breath X breaths/min
● In cardiovascular system:
- Amt/time = amt/beat X beats/min
● CO = amt/time
● Heart rate (HR) = beats/min
● Stroke volume (SV) = amt/be
Venous Blood Flow
● Venous flow mostly due to skeletal muscle contraction
Factors that Increase CO
Increase SV (Stroke Volume
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